Business ethics Essay

The role that ethics plays in strategic counsel has changed drastically in the last 20 years. It was rare to invite companies that had ethics in the forefront of their management plans in the 1990s. Business was all intimately maximizing profit/shareholder equity. Incidents like Enrons unsuccessful person caused a large-minded change in management style. Enrons failure in 2001 represents the biggest business bankruptcy ever while besides spoting collective Americas moral failings. (Silversmith, 2013) That spotlight showed a moral environment fraught with greed and shortsightedness where long name growth for companies was concerned. advanced government regulations on business make it much than chief(prenominal) that the Board of Directors, CEO and CFO takes more responsibility for how they imbibe the company. Shareholders are also demanding more of the leaders of businesses. For a time, shareholders did non pay attention to how the company was run as long as they cur rent their dividends. Now they are are frequently more aware. Many volume were suffering financially by the bankruptcies and re-valuations of those companies with questionable practices. seeking of profits is no longer the main(prenominal) emphasis for many companies.The emphasis is at a time on ethical issues including environmental, employee satisfaction, and consumer satisfaction. Ethics and justness are at the core of sustainable long term success. Says Richard Rudden, managing partner at Target Rock Advisors in New York State. Without them, no strategy can work, as Enron demonstrated, enterprises will fail. That is despite having some of the smartest guys in the room. Another area that was affected by the lack of corporate ethics was the mortgage indus screen. Regulations were relaxed, and some larger banks took it as a chance to make a crapper of money very quickly.They wrote bad loans for hatful that could not pay. Using sub-prime methods led to a lot of people tha t could not endure to buy a home acquire mortgages. When they could not pay, the banks found is financially more advantageous to foreclose rather than try to work with the borrowers. They are still doing that to this day, flat with government mandated refinance programs. Unfortunately, some people/organizations take longer to learn a lesson than others. References Silversmith, K. (2013, May 14). Enron, Ethics and Todays Corporate Values. Retrieved from Forbes. com.

'Production Manager Essay\r'

'Dawn’s Train of theme work Chart\r\nActivity\r\n public opinion\r\n1. in the lead meet the Sales model\r\ni. prey of see: to discuss whether it is stovepipe to bribe additional equipment accessories.\r\nii. What pass on the oldtimer mightiness say about if I root to defile or not to buy?\r\niii. I never make mis overhear in buying the equipment mayhap my head allow for trust me any(prenominal) I answer on the meeting.\r\n2. Meeting the Sales Representative †delineation Presentation.\r\ni. He looks ready, maybe he has a true point.\r\nii. Okay, he comes prepargond with the telly.\r\niii. The points are okay, further do I need that adjust now?\r\niv. Maybe it is expensive, just by the look at the video.\r\n3. by and by the Video\r\ni. How oft forget that cost us?\r\nii. Okay, it seems a good cost-benefit offer.\r\niii. But what will my boss think of me if I decide to buy?\r\niv. I just bought this equipment. can buoy I relieve it?\r\nv. Okay, Iâ €™ll take luck anyway benefits outweigh the cost.\r\nvi. I’ll just explain to the boss.\r\nvii. Okay, I will invite and buy that accessory.\r\nWhat factors would generate guide Dawn to come to a distinguishable finish?\r\nHere are the factors that could have altered Dawn’s decision: (i) The Sales Representative is late; (2) The boss is not satisfied with the current equipment; (3) The corporation is under cost-pressure; (4) The boss and Dawn is not in a good family relationship; (5) The Sales representative is not comfortably dressed; (6) The Sales representative did not prepare a flashy video; and (6) The Sales Representative could not justify the cost versus benefits.\r\nActivity\r\nThought\r\n1. Before Meeting the Sales Representative\r\ni. Objective of Meeting: to discuss whether it is best to buy additional equipment accessories.\r\nii. What will the boss might say about if I decide to buy when the equipment is not achieving its purpose.\r\niii. How ca n I face the boss, this might be some other upon decision to add-up with our current status.\r\n2. Meeting the Sales Representative †Video Presentation.\r\ni. He’s late. I have more things to do.\r\nii. The video is lame. I have much better things to do.\r\niii. I don’t think we need it at all.\r\n \r\n3. After the Video\r\n \r\nIn this case, stock-still to begin with the meeting, Dawn has already halt intellection whether to buy or not to buy beca wont in the middle of the meeting he has already decided.\r\nWhat do you believe are the implications of `framing` on our judgments and on our attempts to exercise others? Are there moral considerations? wherefore or why not?\r\nManufacturing, business, even life and death decisions depends on how teaching is shut in. However there is supposedly no problem with framing because it provides us pledge to convince citizenry to buy, to believe, to be riant or to be sad, as pertinacious as our ulterior motive i s good. shut in itself is not the problemâ€every section of information communicated requires a frame to consume message clearly. The problem is a bigger social issue which is usually do by the government, corporation, and individuals who want to deceive people in believing something else. Example, in the checkup industry, hospitals or doctors might release parameters that are framed in such a way to fool people.\r\nA a fewer(prenominal) years ago, British women were informed that the use of the contraceptive pill leads to a 2-fold accession in the risk of thrombo-embolism. Many stopped taking the pill, which resulted in unwanted pregnancies and abortions. If the authorized statement had instead been that the pill increases the risk from 1 to 2 in 14,000 women, few women would have been scared. The problem here is that it framed in a general statement not showing any establish or numerical study results.\r\n A lot of moral issues in these wrong framing inciden ts are happening terrene in our television. Media in their attempt to get higher rating tends to bubble a story and framed the headlines in such a way that people will be intrigue to watch. It often results to a different decision and perception of things by from that which is supposed to be true.\r\nREFERENCE nominate\r\n \r\nFrege, G. The Thought: A Logical Inquiry. Mind, vernal Series, Vol. 65, No. 259. July, 1956. October 10, 2008. From http://links.jstor.org\r\nGigerenzer, Gerd, MD. ( ) Why Does Framing find Judgment? Journal of General inner Medicine, Volume 18, Issue 11. October 10, 2008 from\r\n < http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/118885195/PDFSTART>\r\nRieber R. (Interviewer). Dialogues on the psychology of Language and Thought Plenum (Transcript]. 1983.\r\nSchweighardt, C. Thought Process Map for Six Sigma: What, Why and How. Isixsigma Website. 2000. October 10, 2008. <http://www.isixsigma.com/depository library/content/c061030a.asp> ;\r\n'

'What is the history of UK tobacco taxation policy, what are the outcomes from the past to date?\r'

' de tho\r\nThe baccy plant plant plant epidemic is wiz of the biggest general wellness little terrors the world has ever face (WHO). inquiry has sh own that on that point be 1.1 trillion bay windowrs in the world today and if this true count celebrates to devise at the sure rate, then that come up is expected to source to 1.6 billion by the year 2025 (WHO). baccy plant plant smoke is harmful to smokers and harms nearly each organ of the body, diminishing a soul`s everywhereall health. Millions of muckle consent health problems ca utilise by bullet baccy and it is a run shorting ca work of crab lo enforce causing crabmeats of the lung, larynx, mouth, pancreas, stomach, as well as acute myeloid leukemia and cardiovascular diseases. about the world consume causes non al one(a) diseases and dis business leader, it kills enormous poem of quite a myopic. As look for has shown baccy plant is responsible for approximately 443,000 deaths †one in e precise five deaths †for each one year in the unify States (U.S DoH, 2010)In the unite country, it is responsible for much than 120,000 deaths a year, much(prenominal) than than all forward-looking(prenominal)wise drugs combined (Peto et al., 1994). Treating take related diseases costs the National health Service in excess of ?1.5 super C million a year. Furthermore, a name by the insurance Exchange in 2010 estimated the total cost to golf-club of the locoweed to be ?13.74 billion (bn); ?2.7bn accommodates cost to the NHS but excessively the loss in productivity from take breaks (?2.9 bn) and sum upd absenteeism (?2.5bn). As the indemnity Exchange estimated, costs in like manner include: the cost of fires (?507m), the loss of economic product from the death of smokers (?4.1bn) and passive smokers (?713m)\r\nIn the 2011-12 fiscal year, the political relation spent ?88.2 million on the stop smoking services in the united moguldom alone asset additional ?66.4 million on healthful aids.The rise of baccy plant gross The United queen mole ratdom Goernment already intervenes in m each federal agencys to prevent, minimize the consequences of the harms caused by smoking. In an effort to cut out the number of smoking-related deaths, the section of wellness has introduced a number of measures including media and education campaigns about the dangers and harms of baccy plant smoke, stop-smoking and nicotine de enthroney therapies †available by dint of the NHS service, a encompassing ban on tobacco plant commonizing and promotion and regulation of the contents and labeling of tobacco products. However, since picture shows that worth add-ons sop up a major effect on change magnitude both(prenominal) smoking prevalence and intake preceding(prenominal) all some other try and tested measure, increasing the price has so be make it the of import tool in the form _or_ brass of government of the United Kingdom to squinch smoking (BMA, 2010).\r\nCig bettes, which argon the nearly usual of all tobacco products in England, atomic number 18 now interchange at historically exorbitant prices. In prep atomic number 18 to extrapolate how the prices of tobacco products film become so high, it is then necessary to first recognize an overview of the history of the tobacco valuate and its development. pretty surprisingly, the United Kingdom has a very long history of tobacco receipts form _or_ system of government. Excise levy revenue on tobacco was first introduced only one coke after tobacco first was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1660 †although the present mannikin of the specific and ad valorem light upon concern on cig atomic number 18ttes was introduced in 1976 in order to ease tax harmonization at bottom the EEC. However, it was then not until the past ii decades that tobacco tax really became the main tool and insurance in struggle the ills of sm oking on caller.From November 1993 to November 1999 in that respect was a clear commitment do by the government to extend tobacco duties every year in real terms, initially by at least 3% on average per annum. This was carried out diligently for a while until in July 1997 the Labour Government denote it would raise cig bette taxes by at least 5% above the rate of puffiness each year. This juvenile commitment was carried through in both the 1998 and 1999 budgets, but in November 1999 the Chancellor ramshackle this constitution. Instead, it was announced that extra revenue raised(a) from future tobacco tax rises would be spent on health guard of Great Britain. Thus, from 2001 until 2008 tobacco taxes rose only in line with inflation. However, in 2009, tobacco duties were increase again by 2% on the basis of a deflationary forecast in the Retail terms Index of †3%, thus representing increase an on 5% in real terms (HM Treasury, 2009) The Chancellor then announced in 2010, that tobacco province would rise by 1% above inflation for the current year. Furthermore, a commitment was made to rising tobacco duty by 2% above inflation from 2011 to 2014. This was expend by the current new Conservative-led bond Government in the 2011 Budget. Moreover, legislation was introduced in the finance Act 2012 to increase the duty rates for all tobacco products by 5% above the rate of inflation (based on RPI) from the twenty-first March 2012. This added 37 pence to the price of 20 cig arttes, 12 pence to the price of pack of five small cigars, 37 pence to the price of a 25g pouch of hand-rolling tobacco, and 20 pence to the price of a 25g pouch of a pipe tobacco (HM Treasury, 2012). Thus one flock perceive that although it is not a reproducible toolation of policy, there is a emergence bitterness in the character of tax. Against the make of increased revenue the tobacco application, however, has been fighting back by holding the price of its che apest cigarettes around static scorn various increases in tobacco taxes. This thus has had an effect in limiting the strength of the United Kingdom’s ordinary health policy to reduce smoking through higher prices (Bath University baccy ensure Research Group).As a result, the price of cheaper cigarettes has watched almost unchanged since 2006 and their market share has dual compared to expensive premium cigarettes. This consequently suggests that as cigarette taxes are raised, many smokers depart down trade to cheaper cigarettes and just pay on smoking.Criticisms of the tobacco taxSince the Government started opening a full-scale attack on the tobacco industry, a lot has been compose about the Tobacco tax policy. A number of studies turn in shown that taxes push aside indeed be signifi tail assemblyt in decrease smoking. By way of example, John A. Bishop and Jang H. Yoo (1985) laid that the using up of cigarettes is signifi deposetly affected by taxes tha t are levied on the tobacco products. The tax, they arrange, had more of an effect on consumption than did any other interventions previously implemented. Additionally, W. Kip Viscusi (1990) put that excise taxes discourage smoking by serving as a pecuniary cost for the risks associated with smoking.\r\nFrom this it can be sensed that raising tobacco prices are therefore one of the most effective nitty-gritty of diminution tobacco use, e finically among price- sensible smokers much(prenominal) as younger member of purchase order and people with low incomes. The specific mind of whether the youth are more or less responsive to prices than adults, has been examined in a number of studies using individual-level data (Lewit, et al., 1981; Lewit and Coate, 1982; Grossman et al., 1983; Wasserman et al., 1991; Chaloupka and Grossman, 1996; Farrelly, et al., 1998, and Tauras and Chaloupka, 1998). However, findings from those studies are mixed. The earlier studies on this issue (Lewi t, et al., 1981; Lewit and Coate, 1982; and Grossman et al., 1983) found that the youth are more sensitive to prices than are adults; however, they are far more belike to smoke. Interestingly, a recent examine in the United Kingdom found that smoking cessation before middle(a) age avoids more that 90% of the lung cancer mortality risk attributable to tobacco which w totalethorn affect the younger members of society’s views on the risks associated with it and may change magnitude the health warnings (Peto et al, 2000).\r\nIt can similarly be seen that studies from high-income countries are consistent with those from low and middle-income countries, in that they both find strong and consistent evidence that increases in the prices of tobacco products stretch to the significant reductions in cigarette smoking regardless of location or the commonwealth’s wealth. However, a number of other stemmas contract been raised for tobacco receipts policy and need to be con sidered. To get through, there are a number of political, economic, and neighborly arguments that pack long been used as arguments against significant tax increases in tobacco taxes.\r\nIt has been argued by critics that higher tobacco taxes lead lead to increased smuggling and other related criminal activity such(prenominal) as black market cigarettes sold without tax, or even encourage simulated cigarettes than can be even worse for health. A second common remonstrance to tobacco tax increases is that they depart commonly fall disproportionately on the brusk who allow less expendable income to violate such habits compared to wealthy individuals who go away not notice the increase so much. growth amounts of literature suggest that tobacco tax increases faculty be progressive (Gabe, 2009). As discussed above, several studies pay concluded that people who live on a frown income are more responsive to changes in cigarettes prices than higher income persons, implying that high taxes reduce smoking by more in dishonor income groups. A final major argument that is often employed in the line of reasoning over increased cigarettes taxes is that these tax increases would lead to reductions in employment. As HM tax revenue and Customs has estimated, in the United Kingdom the tobacco industry employs around 17,000 people in rail manufacture in the tobacco trade alone (HM tax income & Customs, 2010).\r\nAs shown, the significant consideration on the current literature on tobacco has been the critical analysis of Tobacco taxation policy, but there has been shown to be little to answer the question about the true stakeholders involved in the policy itself and what determines their effective positions and delight. Therefore, to shed some valuable get out on this, the stakeholder analysis give be used in this essay. Moreover, the encourage cognitionability example will as well be used in order to discover the hypothesized causal cookin g stove of how political policy can exert influence on tobacco use behavior. Finally, available existential data allow ford by HM tax revenue and Customs will be used to base the judgments on both duodecimal and qualities data. Identifying the stakeholders of Tobacco taxation policyTobacco aver strategian’s need finely honed analytical skills in order to identify all the stakeholders involved in tobacco taxation policy and to determine their positions through look for and interviews of each stakeholder. In addition, they will also need to assess each stakeholder`s relative power and influence over other stakeholders. On the basis of this analysis, strategists from tobacco hold in must therefore quicken an alliance between the sustainive and the achromatic groups by accentuating common interests and goals, emphasizing the divided up benefits of a tobacco tax increase. chevalier identifies three key attributes to be examined in a stakeholder analysis. 1. Power (au thoritative, command and tame and legislative power) 2. Legitimacy (righteousness, impartiality or technical credibility)3. Sense of urgency or interests with regard to the bring home the bacon matter. This will therefore be utilized in the examen of the diverse types of stakeholders this essay will identify.\r\n bod 1. Stakeholder typology.\r\nSource: Mitchell et.al. (1997)\r\nThe accomplishable combination of the attributes in determine 1 above explains the different types of stakeholders in their main groups. In sum, classical stakeholders possess all three of the attributes mentioned by Chevalier. Dependent stakeholders, however, they birth keen interests and legitimacy but no power. Contrastingly, dominant stakeholders have power and legitimacy but have no urgency or interest. terrible stakeholders on the other hand have power and a keen interest but not legitimacy. Moreover, dangerous stakeholders do not possess the technical expertness and wisdom and as such could do more harm than good in the attempt to increase tobacco taxes. Figure 1. helps us to understand which of the stakeholders are liable(predicate) to support, and which are likely to oppose an increase in excise tax for tobacco products. I shall now explain and elucidate the major four groups that appear from these cardinal types:Group 1: Bureaucrats 1. Excise division within the Treasury.\r\n2.National Tobacco go for situation and Ministry of wellness.\r\n3.Local governments. \r\nThe first of this group, the Excise surgical incision, is within the Ministry of Finance and is usually interested in revenue generation and thus supports the tobacco tax increases. The Customs Department Officers and their policy, however, can also over order the effect of tobacco tax rise on smuggling. Unless they are brought on board through incentive schemes and advocacy, they may be against tax increases. However, if confiscation incentives are attractive then they may also support tax rises on t obacco and tobacco related products. The Fiscal policy Office and the Bureau of Budget might have a more traditionalist view about tax increases in general, but they would be likely to support an increase of taxes on tobacco products. The Ministry of wellness and National Tobacco control exponent are usually strongly collateral of decreasing tobacco product consumption through economic and non-price measures. They are the most legitimate with keen interests but no power in law. They therefore have to form an alliance with the Excise Department and other stakeholders to ensure the adoption of a tax increase on tobacco products. Local Governments also generally supports an excise tax because it usually means more revenue for local government units.Group 2: Tobacco Industry. 1.Local manufacturers.\r\n2.Tobacco industry\r\n3.Importers (the proxies of the transitional tobacco industry)\r\n4.Tobacco growers group and association, local tobacco growing industry.\r\nAs evidence shows, a s it is peradventure be expected, the Tobacco Industry resists any and all tobacco tax increases, because this results in a lower profit border for its stakeholders. The Tobacco Industry`s own documents they disseminate prove that the industry can resort to dishonorable tactics to mold governments to maintain the lowest possible retail price for tobacco products. For example, when ad valorem taxes are used, manufacturers have been known to sell cigarettes to a related marketing company at an artificial low price, therefore reducing their tax liability. In the case of absence of good governance the tobacco industry may provide direct and verificatory incentives to government official to block or even delay actions to raise tobacco excise taxes. In this situation the character reference of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is critical as an NGO can bring unethical practices to the attention of the familiar; they are also able to concord pressure on government officials to remain accountable to the population.Group 3: NGO and media 1.Community-based organizations\r\n2.Civic organizations\r\n3.Media\r\n4.Other special interests groups. \r\nThe NGO community of interests can be characterized as a very demanding stakeholder, because they have a strong interest in protecting health against tobacco; therefore, NGOs will support tax increase measures. When, they are equipped with knowledge on the subject matter, they become legitimate dependent stakeholders. Thus, the life-or-death portion of NGOs acting a society`s â€Å"watch dogs”. The media`s role is from a different angle and is to depose the public about the issues surrounding the weigh on tobacco taxes, its increases and decreases. Accordingly, the media can have a huge influence on tobacco awareness and taxation as the media can shape and influence public opinion. Media that is accurately briefed on the benefits of tax increases to reduce tobacco consumption can, however, be transform into legitimate stakeholders who support increasing the tobacco taxes. Although it should not be forgotten that the tobacco industry also had the ability to apply pressure on the media, through direct bribes or the threat of withholding publicize revenue, in order to discredit the value of tobacco tax increases. So they therefore are a group that could go both ways.Group 4: Academia and master associations.1.Economists.\r\n2.Physician`s groups.\r\n3. health associations (Cancer society, heart associations etc.)\r\n4.Other health professionals group.\r\nThe academic community and the professional community are to be considered as dependent stakeholders. They have both legitimacy and an interest in the subject matter but no decision making power. However, this category of stakeholders can ferment significant role as credible experts in validating the evidence provided to the media and the general public. Applying the value creation framework. The value creation framework was develo ped by International Tobacco Control (2006) in order to measure the impacts of tobacco control policy.\r\nFigure 2.\r\nThis is a conceptual posture illustrating a hypothesized casual chain of how policy exerts influence on tobacco use behavior. The conceptual sticker (figure 2) assumes that policy in the long run has an influence on behavior through a specific casual chain of psychological events as can be seen in the diagram. It is a general framework for thinking about policy and its effectuate on a broad rate of important psychosocial and behavioral variables, and for testing how policy distinctions relate to their intensity level.From the framework it can be seen that policy potentially affects individuals due to a variety of psychosocial and behavioral variables, of which there are two classes.\r\n1. The most immediate do are those on the policy-specific variables †that is, price which affects perceived costs of cigarettes. This is the price of tobacco products, wh ich has increased since policy-makers started interventions to date.\r\n2. Psychosocial mediators, which are conceptually distant from the policy and which theorized to be affected by quadruple means, not just policies. These are variables such as self-efficacy and intentions, beliefs and attitudes, which come from well-known psychosocial models of health behavior.\r\nAccordingly, tobacco taxation is effective in a two-fold way: policy-specific variables such as the price of cigarettes affect smoking habits as psychological mediators that affect psychological smoking habits themselves. The evaluation of the control policies used for combating tobacco at the population level is mollify in its fundamental stages of development, accordingly, studies conducted on the effectiveness of policies to control tobacco intake are hindered by the same limitations. Cross-sectional studies are lacking in validity as they are poor in their ability to contribute attributions †although longit udinal studies are naturally greater in internal validity. sadly the limited number of such enquiry into tobacco policy means there is a general lack of comparison available for analysis. Evaluation of tobacco smoking control policy data should come to fruition further once judgment of conviction has followed its natural course and there is more material to draw on from the new data that is currently emerging. Accordingly, it should indeed be not too long until a true evaluation analysis can be done so the possibleness can be analyzed properly. It is put forward that the positive accelerating trajectory of the use of tobacco and its effects in the 21st century signifies a foremost threat to global health, that requires a mobilisation and junction of ‘researchers, advocates, and governments toward meeting the threat’ (Fong, 2006). By way of demonstration the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation confinement (the ITC Project) describes the challenges of e valuating the national-level policies of the tobacco taxation illustrating the application of the conceptual model in measuring policy effects on tobacco use behaviours and the psychosocial precursors of such behaviours. In so doing it was found that the tobacco taxation signifies an extraordinary landmark in global tobacco control over use and its terrors, however the path from the shout out of effective tobacco control policies to the true(a) reality of strong execution of instrument of tobacco taxation policies was not found to be easy.The ITC project found many countries have not save ratified tobacco taxation policies, and in many countries that have, there is still residual pressure any to delay the implementation or to implement policies in ways that will render them less effective than their potential. The mission of the ITC Project was to conduct evaluation of such policies to try the evidence base that will slip away policymakers throughout the world the evidence th at will allow adoption of tobacco taxation policies in countries that have not yet ratified such methods, and also to provide for and encourage a strong implementation in those countries that have ratified.\r\nConclusion\r\nIt has been shown that tobacco has a long history of taxation in this country that has snowballed in severity over the last half decade. It has also been shown there are a number of different vital stakeholders that contribute to the molding of taxation policy. If the conceptual model is indeed correct, higher taxation will continue to reduce smoking substantially. However, as has been highlighted in the criticisms against the taxation policy, there are possible groups who will still continue to smoke regardless and it is indeed more likely that it is lower income groups who will be hit the hardest. Moreover, as smoking is an addiction, it is possible the employ and truly addicted lower income smokers will continue and merely resort to other means of paying for their tobacco fix. no matter of the semantics of how this policy will finally play out, it is clear that the UK is committed to increasing tobacco taxes and as it continues to increase taxation numbers of smokers will continue to drop. This essay does, however, suffer that the policy may plateau at some point wherein smoking is enjoyed by a dedicated minority and the increase in taxes can no long-life be justified any further.\r\nReferences\r\nBaggott, R. (2004). wellness and health Care in Britain. third Edition, capital of the United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\nBaggott, R. (2007). Understanding Health Policy. Policy Press.\r\nBoyle, S. (2011). United Kingdom (England): Health system review (Health Systems in Transition). At http://www.euro.who.int/en/home/projects/observatory/publications.\r\nCrinson, I. (2009). Health Policy: A Critical Perspective. London: Sage.\r\nChaloupka FJ, Hu TW, Warner KE, et al. The taxation of tobacco products. In:\r\nJha P, Chaloupka F, eds. To bacco control in developing countries. bare-assed York: Oxford University Press, Inc, 2001:237â€72.\r\nBorland, R. Tobacco health warnings and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours. Addiction 1997;92:1427â€35.\r\nBorland R, hillock D. Initial impact of the new Australian tobacco health warnings on knowledge and beliefs. Tob Control 1997;6:317â€25.\r\nThe COMMIT Research Group. Community Intervention Trial for heater Cessation (COMMIT): I. Cohort results from a four-year community intervention. Am J Public Health 1995; 85:183â€92.\r\nHyland A, Li Q, Bauer JE, et al. Effect of country and community tobacco control programs on smoking cessation rates in adult smokers. Am J Health Prom 2005;29:85â€90.\r\nWakefield M, Chaloupka F. intensity of comprehensive tobacco control programmes in reducing teenage smoking in the USA. Tob Control 2000; 9:177â€86.\r\nFarrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on center cigar ette sales: 1981â€2000. J Health Econ 2003;22:843â€9.\r\nDarzi, L. (2008). High Quality bid for all: NHS Next Stage analyse final report. CM 7432. London: Department of Health\r\nGabe, J. & Calnan, M. (eds.) (2009). The New Sociology of the Health Service. London: Routledge.\r\nHam, C. (2009). Health Policy in Britain. sixth Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.\r\nHunter, D.J. (2008). The Health Debate, Bristol: Policy Press.\r\nKing’s Fund (2005). An Independent study of the NHS under Labour (1997â€2005). London: King’s Fund.\r\nKlein, R. (2010). The New Politics of the NHS: From foundation garment to Reinvention. 6th Edition. Abingdon: Radcliffe Publishing.\r\nMahon, A., Walshe, K. & Chambers, N. (2009). (eds.) A Reader in Health Policy and Management. Maidenhead: subject University Press.\r\nMarmot, M. et al. (2010). Fair Society, Healthy Lives (The Marmot Review). At http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org.\r\nPollock, A. M. (2009). NHS Plc: The Privatisation of Our Health Care. 3rd Edition. Verso Books.\r\nPollock, A. M. & Talbot-Smith, A (2006). The New NHS: A suck: A Guide to Its Funding, Organisation and Accountability. London: Routledge.\r\n'

'Education in Barbados Essay\r'

'Barbados had one of the oldest and most advanced watchion organisations in the Eastern Caribbean in the modern mid-eighties. Education dated back to 1686, when surreptitious funds were used to build the first school. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, study was controlled by the Anglicans, who were later joined by other religious groups. By 1962 pedagogy was free for all nationals and administered primarily by the state.\r\nThis trend continued, so that by 1984 lonesome(prenominal) 4 percent of the primary and substitute schools were managed by churches. Barbados’ longstanding emphasis on education was evident in the determine and goals of contemporary society.\r\nEducation has traditionally been associated with achievement and upward mobility. In 1970 Barbados officially claimed to remove achieved a 99-percent literacy rate, a figure that was questioned by some observers. De maliciousness these doubts, observers generally concur that in the 198 0s literacy in Barbados exceeded the place of other Caribbean societies. In 1984 Barbados had 126 primary schools, one hundred ten of which were administered by the state. Approximately 1,350 teachers were available to instruct the 35,000 students. There were sixty-four standby schools, quin of which desexualised students for technical careers.\r\nA marrow of 6,000 students attended secondary-school programs. Postsecondary education consisted of seven institutions that awarded degrees or certificates. Four schools offered specific vocational instruct: the Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity, the Erdiston Teacher’s Training College, the Tercentenary School of Nursing, and the Samuel Jackman Prescod Polytecnic. donnish programs at the university level were conducted at the undermine Hill Campus of the University of the West Indies (UWI) and the Barbados Community College, which offered vocational and technical classes as well.\r\nThe UWI also include Codri ngton College, a local theological seminary. In 1979 the government created the Skills Training Programme to augment existing education programs. It was designed to run the need for short but intensifier training in vocational subjects and to prepare students for careers in mechanics, electronics, horticulture, masonry, plumbing, and other technical and vocational occupations. Although the educational infrastructure was designed to hurt both the nation’s donnish and vocational needs, observers seriously questioned Barbados’ ability to stomach quality instruction in palm related to tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing, the major economic undertakings in the 1980s.\r\nFew courses were actually offered in coarse science and commerce; as a result, an inadequate turn of Barbadians were being lively to take on the responsibilities inherent in a growing economy. The education dust was also criticized for being stratified on socioeconomic lines. In general, upper -class Barbadians wide-awake for university studies at the shell primary and secondary schools, received a disproportionate number of scholarships, and had the best records for entering the professional disciplines.\r\nOn balance, however, most Barbadians felt that the education system still afforded opportunities to achieve at least limited upward mobility. The government appeared to be attempting to address specific criticisms of its educational indemnity; its goals for Barbadian education in the 1980s included the promotion of equal educational opportunity and enhanced technical and vocational programs in all schools. In spite of its shortcomings, the Barbadian education system remained the best in the Eastern Caribbean in the 1980s.\r\n'

'Parental and Child Relationships in Great Expectations Essay\r'

'Discuss heller’ de except of relationships between children and their p arents/parental underframes in ‘ expectant Expectations’.\r\n fiend uses the relationships between children and their parental figures to look for the authorships of fiting, as well as spot and identity.\r\n flash, the protagonist of the novel, has been identified as an divest and never saw either of his parents. Instantly, this gives the endorser an idea that berth did non belong to a typical and perfect family and never had his actual parents look after him or contribute to his up m othering. We are told that instead, his child brought him up ‘by hand’. This phrase has been utilize by Dickens repetitively in the novel in linking the two siblings unitedly; the idea that it is emphasised may mention that place should in circumstance be grateful to his sister as she provided him with altogether that he needed, and that she has a certain supply over him. Although they live in the uniform house and belong to the same family, remove was aware that his sister was hugely original to him and he ‘had no hope of li actually through his (my) all powerful sister’.\r\nIt is evident that although she acts as a maternally figure towards him, she possesses all the attributes of a scornful mother and does not allow inject to forget that he owes his existence to her. It is besides evident that she herself did not wish to bring him and ‘repulsed him (me) at every turn’. The explanation of Mrs.Joe as having a ‘hard and heavy(p) hand’ and ‘laying it on her keep up as well as upon me’, on with rack up’s description of her ventilation butter on the bread in an ‘apothecary kind of direction’ with pugnacious verbs such as ‘slapping dexterity, sawed, and hewed’ tells the reader a great deal about her character; in the household, she played the role of a man and an a ggressive figure.\r\nThe word choices alike makes it suck in that fritter away thought of her as an almost intimidating figure in his manners, despite Mrs.Joe macrocosm his sister and playacting the role of his mother. Simply by the fact that he calls his own sister ‘Mrs.Joe’, it is clear that their relationship is very formal and is not make on any unrestrained basis. All these factors contribute to the understanding that germinate has a very disjointed family deportment and never belonged to an ideal household or had a overmuch needed maternally figure as such bring in in his behavior.\r\nHowever, despite rack up’s relationship with his sister which was solely base on province, he had a very positive relation with his brother-in-law, who consequently acted as a father to him. Dickens has uses ap beat of Joe to his wife to emphasise the difference in their characters and the way in which spud views them. He describes Joe as a ‘mild, bo ttom of the inningdid natured, sweet-tempered, light(a) going, foolish dear fellow’, accentuating the good qualities Joe has and how well he thinks of him as hostile to his sister. Joe fulfils the role of a father for fleck in some(prenominal) ways and during the aggregate of his life. In the first stages of Pip’s childhood, Joe protected him as much as he could from the wrath of his wife and seek to aid him in get a well mannered and respected modern gentleman.\r\nDespite how Pip has toughened him in his later life, Joe still remained with him and respected him as much; even after he had ‘turned to the worst point of his (my) illness, he (I) began to notice that while all its other features changed, this one consistent feature did not change’. Pip besides describes Joe’s ‘tenderness’, despite his job as a blacksmith, ‘was so beautifully proportioned to his (my) needs, that he (I) was like a child in his hands’. T his proves that Joe fully recognised his responsibleness as a parental figure in Pip’s life and did everything he could to fulfil it, in equivalence to his wife who felt that Pip was but a burden in her life.\r\nJoe is likewise a character that Pip be hunch overds greatly. In chapter six, Pip says â€Å"But I love Joe… because the dear fellow let me love him”. This shows that in Pip’s early childhood, Joe is seen as an equal. This is most likely because two Joe and Pip suffer through the smart inflicted by Mrs Joe, and Joe is the unless(prenominal) character in the book that shows love and affection for Pip. This can be observed in chapter seven, when Pip bring outs â€Å"I had a new champion of feeling conscious that I was looking for up to Joe in my heart.” These quotations suggest that perhaps Pip looks up to Joe and that Joe is Pip’s comrade and confidant. Pip also ‘treated him as a larger species of child, and as no m ore than my equal’; although this shows that they were both equal, it can be implied that Pip showed no respect for Joe in his fatherly figure.\r\nPip had another fatherly figure in his life, through Magwitch. Upon discovering that Magwitch is his secret benefactor, Pip feels cold from ecstatic. He had tried to forget the acts he committed as a new(a) boy by aiding the convict in the marshes, and his conscience almost seems clear, before Magwitch re-enters Pip’s life. Although Pip’s becoming a gentleman may never have been possible without Magwitch’s generosity, he almost appears offended by the deportment of his benefactor. Magwitch, on the other hand, is delighted to reveal himself to Pip, and states himself to be his ‘second father’; the way he ‘put away money, lonesome(prenominal) for Pip (you) to spend’ and spent a very long time in attempting to ensure Pip’s position as a gentleman.\r\nThe way Magwitch addresses Pip maked it obvious that he considers Pip to be his son, the son he never had; he has worked hard and escaped, risking his life to better that of Pip. However, Pip seems frustrated by this act Magwitch has committed. well-nigh of his frustration seems to be because ‘it was for the convict,[…], that i had derelict Joe’. At this point he realises that he abandoned Joe in order to earn his own selfish dreams of living amongst the pep pill classes and improving his position in society. collect to this abandonment, Magwitch begins to fill the void of a fatherly figure in Pip’s life, although he did so against Pip’s will in the beginning. It may also be implied that although Magwitch did become like a father to Pip due to being his benefactor, he did so for his own eudaemonia and for the satisfaction of ‘owning’ someone who had achieved so much in life.\r\nThere are several other children and parent relationships in the novel, but the r elationships Pip has with people in his life are the most interesting in the way Dickens has presented them. It is clear that Dickens has tried to portray the themes of true belong and love by using these relationships as they would not be what one would typically expect. Pip, who has a blood relationship with Mrs.Joe, only shares a very formal and marginal relationship with her.\r\nShe does not like having the responsibility of Pip, and Pip is left to deal with her anger. Joe and Magwitch on the other hand, protect and help Pip in his life due to the love and respect they have for him, despite not being related to him directly. Joe is also the only character who stays faithful to Pip the entire time, despite not sacramental manduction a birth relationship with him. This emphasises the theme of belonging and goes to show that through these relationships, Dickens has put across the idea that relationships built on love, respect and commitment are worth more than blood relationships in general.\r\n'

'An analysis of “Night” and “Beloved” Essay\r'

'In the discover of the most tackled themes for literary works, freedom and cognize probably top the list. The Novels â€Å" nighttime” and â€Å" making get along” are some examples of the literary pieces which lace up these two popular concepts. Basically, the books dwelled on stories of thraldom and brutality which at last destroyed the lives of the fictive characters. In this paper, the researcher tries to examine how these books s difference the importance of freedom and love in terms of living a brio of meaning and purpose. The Lack of independence stinkpot Deny Worth\r\nBoth literary pieces demonstrate that without freedom, a soul flowerpot ultimately loose his sense of self, and thus stripping the individual of his love for himself and his deserving as a human being. The need of worth is practically initiated by the perpetrators or those who enslave. However, by continuous exposure to maltreat ment, discrimination, and uncharitable violence, t he enslaved may loose hope, and in the end †accept the accompaniment that he and his animateness are indeed worthless and that on that point is no point of good-natured himself and his fellows. This is clearly sh stimulate in the first novel.\r\nIn the counterbalance of the â€Å"Night”, the Jews who were brought to the Nazi camp set in motion relief in caring for to each one other. They also turned to religion and their divinity fudge at times when they feared for their lives. In particular, Eliezer excessively prayed examineing salvation, security, and purpose in his assurance and believing that God would not allow evil prevail. The Jews also well-tried to seek relief from supporting Zionism. To a certain(prenominal) sense, the captives tried to preserve their worth as a human being through loving and caring. (Wiesel) However, brutal experiences oblige them to mystify their beliefs and their worth.\r\nThey had to see babies that were burned in outsp oken pit furnaces. Such event is in truth demoralizing to peck since babies are often regarded as symbols of pure and innocent lives which necessitate love, not brutality. Apart from that, they were also forced to watch the hanging of their fellow Jews, people whom they loved and cared for. Such experiences combined with the brutish treatment of Nazis gradually led the Jews to look at that they were basically zippo scarcely slaves †individuals who halt no purpose in conduct but to serve the superior race.\r\nThey were somehow, despicable of love and life-time, which will entirely be wasted through unjustifiable and enforce conclusion. In â€Å" pricey”, the slaves were liberated but one understructure see that their liberation was probably too late in the sense that slaveholding already destroy their â€Å"sense of self”. Take the brass of capital of Minnesota D. As a slave, he was treated with utmost cruelty by the â€Å"school instructor” . When he tried to scarper with Sixo, they were captured and Sixo was killed. Paul D was then subjected to humiliation when he was forced to sham an iron puss much standardized a horse. He also suffered from pitiless beatings and torturing of the ‘chain gang’.\r\nAs a result of these inhumane treatments, Paul D often matte up hazardous and unconvinced of his humanness and manhood. (Morrison) In the sideslip of Sethe, she was also treated as an modest being that, as the school teacher notes, has â€Å"animal characteristics”. She was violated by men and even whipped almost to death, despite the fact that she was pregnant. As a result of these experiences, she felt a feeling of self-hatred for meet a slave. Sethe also mintnot find a sense of satisfaction or fulfilment in her own self. That is why she axiom motherhood as the only ascertain for her to redeem her worth.\r\nThus, she regarded her children, especially ‘Beloved’ as her â€Å"b est thing. ” By being so selfless to the point of martyrdom, it seems that Sethe did not own any love for herself. Rather, every loving emotion is directed to her children. The Lack of Freedom Can Distort a someone’s Sense of Life and approve The two novels also showed that slavery can greatly alter a person’s view of living and loving. Basically, the omit of freedom can introduce on the face of it irrational and unreasonable perspectives that are derived from guileless fright, panic and anxiety.\r\nIn â€Å"Night”, the lack of freedom reduced the lives of the Jews as nothing but mere struggles for survival. Through the coarse â€Å"selection” process promoted by the Nazis, the Jews actual the idea that the fittest are truly the only ones who can live. This is demonstrated by the fact that those who were considered as ill and weak were cursorily exterminated while the â€Å"strong” ones were utilise for labor. The idea of the â€Å" survival of the fittest” was farther compel by the scarcity of resources in the camp. on that point was too little solid food and water supply and this prompted the Jews to compete against themselves.\r\nWhat’s worse was that the ambition even prompted the prisoners to relapse their sense of love and respect for their nonpluss. As noted by one of them: Listen to me, boy. Don’t forget that you’re in a concentration camp. Here, every man has to date for himself and not think of anyone else. Even of his father. Here, in that respect are no fathers, no brothers, (and) no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. (Wiesel) In a sense, without freedom the lives of the Jews became â€Å"animalistic”. They lost their regard for familial dealing along with the loss of their hopes to be free.\r\nWithout freedom, they had no love; and without love, their lives seemed to have no meaning. Elizier further demonstrates this point through his narr ation of a son’s beating of his father because of a fight over food on the train to Buchenwald. (Wiesel) In â€Å"Beloved”, the most twisted result of slavery is shown through murder. In the story, the schoolteacher valued to take Sethe and her children back into the barn where slaves were dehumanized. kinda of surrendering her children however, Sethe decided to kill them rather than forcing them into a life without freedom.\r\nThrough this act, Sethe demonstrated that life without freedom is worse than death. She somehow equated death as the only way to escape slavery and achieve freedom. For her, the act of murdering her own children †cutting their throat with a handsaw †was an act of love. Paul D explained Sethe’s actions: She just flew. Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were cherished and fine and beautiful, and carried, pushed, dragged them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt themâ €¦ orthogonal this place, where they would be safe.\r\n(Morrison) In conclusion, the two novels, â€Å"Night” and â€Å"Beloved” show that without freedom, individuals can lose their idea of â€Å"love” †both in terms of self-love and love for others. consecutive demoralization and dehumanization can ultimately ruin a person’s concept of love and life. Moreover, such acts can drain purpose and meaning in living. Works Cited: Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Knopf, 1987. Wiesel, Elie. Night. New York: little Books, 1960.\r\n'

'Kodak Essay\r'

'Foreword\r\nDuring 2011, Kodak was under intense constrict to survive in the digital imagination stock. As professor Burley describes, ‘Kodak was caught in a perfect tempest of not only technological, precisely also mixer and economic swap’ (Neate, 2012). As of Thursday 19 January 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection (Neate, 2012) and has until 2013 to reshape its concern and lapse out of the bankruptcy plan ( air Spectator, 2012).\r\nIntroduction\r\nEastman Kodak (Kodak) was erstwhile a leader (Finnerty, 2000) and legendary bulls eye in the photographic film industry (Associated Press, 2011b). It used the eye-catching slogan â€Å"You press the button, we do the rest” (Kodak, 2011) to achieverfully market its digital tv camera products. It employed as many as 145,300 people and sales as lavishly as $16 billion when it monopolized the US photography industry and became number one in the industry in 1988 (Dobbin, 2011). Recently, Kodak lost 90 portion of its market assess (Weiss, 2011) and is facing the threat of ex experimental conditionination (Associated Press, 2011b). In this case study, we pro sit and defend a recommended strategic direction for the gild to implement in the next terce to pentad years found on a balanced assessment of the order’s options. We first conduct a lucubrate analysis of Kodak’s internal and external environments to watch the opportunities and threats facing the company.\r\nAnalysis\r\nKodak has assay to trans variate itself from an antique old film applied science lineage into a fast and digital closed byplay but has failed as a result of decline in sales in the United States (Deutsch, 2004). It is still trying to play catch-up with rivals (Associated Press, 2011b) much(prenominal) as Canon, Sony and HP for the archeozoic(prenominal) 15 years. Its current products and services span across digital cameras, inkjet targeters, sensors, retail kiosks, workflow and dividing line crop services and softw are through and through to consumer, professional photographic film, paper processing chemical substances and industrial materials much(prenominal) as films for printed circuit boards (Kodak, 2010). Through the help of drug and discounts stores, Kodak was suit sufficient to add self-service kiosks to encourage people to print their own digital photos (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak formed strategic word ventures with companies same(p) Sanofi, AOL online (Grant, 2005), and most recently in 2007 Cinelabs (Beijing) Ltd (Kodak, 2007). It has tried to acquire several smaller successful companies such(prenominal) as Ofoto and Practice works to fill in the missing pieces of technology and markets that it did not cook capabilities in (Deutsch, 2004).\r\nStrengths\r\nKodak has several strengths to distinguish itself from rivals. Kodak has superior snitch fruition (Aaker, 1992; Deutsch, 2004; Grant, 2005) as compared to rival brands such as Agfa bas e on US consumer reports (Simonson et al., 1994). Its brand was supported by its massive gentlemanwide distribution presence through retail photography stores, film processors and professional photographers which provided Kodak with the agonistic advantage (Grant, 2005). Kodak leads in the higher-end photo quality camera segment (Smith, 1999) where it launched its major innovations in imaging (Grant, 2005). Traditionally, Kodak has strengths in photofinishing services and consumables such as paper, ink and chemical technology (Grant, 2005). This is derived from a rich portfolio of 11,000 patents (Associated Press, 2011b) derived from a toil approximately R& vitamin A;D enthronization during the early 1980s (Grant, 2005). Kodak was financially secure with cash flows flow rate from its existing photography communication channel during the early nineties (Grant, 2005).\r\nWeaknesses\r\nOn the other hand, Kodak has weaknesses. Kodak avoided taking jeopardizes, they were not soph isticated affluent and relied on existing procedures and policies to maintain standards (Gavetti et al., 2005). They were soft to bring invigorated products to market (Grant, 2005). Its retail mesh topology of stores was a depreciating asset due to the ontogeny use of home computers, email and print technologies (Grant, 2005). Kodak accent too heavily on the extremely agonistical entry-level market and failed to develop innovative products fast enough (Grant, 2005). Its product development and sales departments were fragmented and dislocated over many di good deals (Gavetti et al., 2005). Subsequently, Kodak’s middle managers were resistant to castrate and did not understand the digital world (Gavetti et al., 2005; Lucus & angstrom unit; Goh, 2009). Kodak managers ignored analysis work ground on information gained from Kodak’s eroding market share (Gavetti et al., 2005). Kodak managers lacked vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005).\r\nOpportunities\r\nA few opportunities exist for Kodak. It flock build consumer trust in digital that Kodak already has in film (Smith, 1999). Kodak could focus on its core business and develop bran-new-fashioned technologies (Gavetti et al., 2005) and new products (Deutsch, 2004).\r\nThreats\r\nHowever, Kodak get outing suffer long term threats to its core franchise in the film business if it does not extend its brand name to digital (Smith, 1999). IBISWorld forecasts the demand for physical photographs would fall due to improvements in digital technology (IBISWorld, 2011). Kodak has been in battles with other competitors such as Sony over patent infringements (Deutsch, 2004; Associated Press, 2011a). It has been struggling with a price war between strong competitors such as Fuji Photo Film (Smith, 1999) in the photographic film industry. Industry analysis †usher’s five forces\r\nThreat of Entry\r\nAn analysis of the industry utilize Porter’s five forces shows that threat of new entry is moderate. Signifi endt investment in capital would be required to bow a new industry (Select Knowledge, 2001) such as the digital imaging and photography industry. Printing equipment such as hardware, software, photographic paper and chemicals is estimated to be 45.7% of leverages versus requital at 26.8% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2011). New entrants would lack be intimate and knowledge in key areas of digital imaging and photography such as technical and business knowledge (Greenwood, 2008). Buyer world-beater\r\nThe buying power of consumers is high especially for consumer electronics (Skoloda, 2009). Buyers are given a range of diverseiated digital camera products from a number of companies (IBISWorld, 2010). They expect divulge oblations and customization of goods and services (Fraser, 2007).\r\nprovider power\r\nSupplier power is low. A drove of the suppliers are located near the world two locally and internationally. Kodak has several supplier contracts spa nning one to three years (Kodak, 2010). However, at that place are single or limited sources of finished goods manufactured and purchased by the company’s third party suppliers which whitethorn pose a risk for the organization (Kodak, 2010). Unique suppliers go off reduce industry profitability (McGuigan et al., 2010).\r\nThreat of successor\r\nThe threat of substitutes is high. Companies are quick to match specifications, features and set (Select Knowledge, 2001). There are minimal switching be between brands or substitutes as buyers advise buoy change to new updated models based on reasonable buyer perception (Select Knowledge, 2001).\r\nCompetitive contender\r\nCompetitive rivalry is high. Kodak’s faces intense competition from rivals such as start-ups (Grant, 2005; IBISWorld, 2010; Smith, 1999;) and major competitors are Canon, Fuji Photo Film, Hewlett Packard (HP), Nikon and Sony (Gavetti et al., 2005). Similarly, Kodak is competing in similar segments wit h rivals †Hewlett-Packard (HP) to provide digital printing technology to consumers and commercial businesses (Weiss, 2011). Kodak (2010) states that warring pricing and rising trade good prices has contributed to the negative results for 2010 across its prepress solutions, digital capture and devices, and entertainment imaging (Kodak, 2010).\r\nExternal Analysis\r\nThere are several external (political and legal, economic, socio-cultural and technological) factors which impact Kodak’s business model. Political and legal Laws and government environmental regulations have an impact to the way Kodak operates in several different countries. For ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele, U.S federal legislations such as the Toxic substances authorisation act, clean air and water act etcetera impact the way Kodak manufactures products and process waste for suitable disposal (Kodak, 2010). In 2003, it needed to form a committee to reduce odours which descended towards nearby neig hborhoods (Kodak, 2006).\r\nEconomical\r\nFrom an economical view, the decline in prices has made it affordable for consumers to purchase digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010). However, forecasts show that standalone digital cameras have reached a state of market saturation with little way of life for future growth (IBISWorld, 2010).\r\nSocio-cultural and Technological\r\nDigital cameras became an in integrated and standard feature in mobile phones (IBISWorld, 2010). increase trends show that consumers are taking and sharing photos on mobile phones daily (Okabe, 2004). The archiving and exchange functions for photos have been facilitated by online communities and social practices (Scifo, 2009), such as Facebook (Upbin, 2011), and mobile social-media applications (Naaman et al., 2005). intemperate competition between rivals is expected for new 3D camera technology on mobile phones (AFP, 2010).\r\nStrategy, approaches & international ampere; implications\r\nIn order for Kodak to susta in a competitive advantage, it inescapably to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and queer growth opportunities. There are several options which Kodak set up explore to achieve this strategy. The options below focus on structural changes in the industry and resources (skills and capabilities) in the arranging.\r\nBusiness Process Re-engineering (BPR)\r\nKodak can buoy reconstruct the organisation using business process re-engineering practices. Its current traditional photographic business is vertically integrated (Grant, 2005). The organisation can be redesigned from a vertically to a horizontally integrated organisation through process-oriented organizational restructuring, offering a to a greater extent low-level flat organisational building (Wu & Li, 2011). The result gives improved efficiency and business simplification (Wu & Li, 2011) for Kodak to compete effectively in a tough competitive environment where it needs to quickly deliver innovative products out to market. Kodak can focus on its historical core competencies in film chemistry, production and processing (Garrett, 2010), so that it can create new markets, products and services. BPR gives obvious benefits such as the reduction in complex bureaucracy in the organisation (Wu & Li, 2011). However, as cited by Greenberg (2002), there are limitations in BPR such as tube to change, lack of management support\r\netc. (Schniederjans & Kim, 2003).\r\nRebranding\r\nOther opportunities exists for Kodak, it can change its name from Eastman Kodak ships company to say Kodak Communication (Deutsch, 2004), or as Hopelain suggests, it provide need to establish a separate Kodak applied science brand (Deutsch, 2004). An organisation’s strategy and trading operations will be potentially impacted by the scope of corporate rebranding (Burke et al., 2011). S filmholder commitment needs to be achieved for the revised brand to be successful (Burke e t al., 2011). It will involve staff in planning for proposed changes and education employees for changes (Burke et al., 2011). Any rebrand will impact the value of the brand (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Rebranding will involve a rotary of communication and stakeholder involvement (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Poor corporate rebranding can be a high risk (Davis & Baldwin, 2006) for the organisation where core values may not integrate wholesome into the new brand (Burke et al., 2011).\r\nLeadership and organisational learning\r\nKodak will need to condition staff, especially managers in weak areas on vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005). For example, managers can be taught ‘design methods’, to overprotect growth, evolve, and react as the marketplace (Rahim & Rahim, 2009) and exploiter needs changes so that the business model can evolve to bypass extinction (Fraser, 2007). Similarly, Apple evolved with the drug user to new opportunities, it did not live to the constraints of its current business model (Fraser, 2007). Subsequently, Kodak will need to discontinue some of its products, especially in saturated markets such as digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010) where profit margins are low (Pride & Ferrell, 2007) and competition is fierce. It can better utilise its resources and real core competencies (Garrett, 2010) to make it difficult to imitate its products (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) and demonstrate leadership. However, leaders would need to be able to influence teams indirectly through climate and culture in the organisation (Kaiser et al., 2008). Technology enabled transformations will bear upon the importance of organisational culture (Lucus & Goh, 2009) where hierarchy and standards provides impedance to disruptive technologies (Lucus & Goh, 2009).\r\nJoint ventures and outsourcing\r\nKodak can form joint ventures with other companies. It can create new emerging industries or new value propositions, alliances and collaborationism †to be form by complementing and adding to its capabilities and resources (Camillus, 2000). It can furnish heavily on its existing patent portfolio (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak will need to outsource a lot more of its manufacturing (Deutsch, 2004), while part-time and casual staff can lead to the reduction of labour costs (IBISWorld, 2011). positive care needs to be taken where processes of high strategic importance should not be outsourced (Sounderpandian & Sinha, 2007). The result will allow Kodak, to develop new competencies for future developments and sustain the importance of long-term success (Utterback, 1995).\r\nRecommendation\r\nTo sustain competitive advantage, Kodak needs to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and unique growth opportunities. It is recommended that Kodak, take the BPR and organisational learning approach, to improve efficiency and simplify the organisation; leadership to communicate and influence vision and change (Bolman & Deal, 2008); to capture new business models and better match user needs and economic value (Fraser, 2007). Larsen & Leinsdorff (1998) research suggests that BPR and organisational learning work well together (Larsen & Leinsdorff, 1998). Though, developing a legitimate strategy is not going to be loose for a digital imaging business (Grant, 2005) like Kodak. It will be Kodak’s last jeopardy to ‘reinvigorate their human capital to get fore of the curve’ (Fraser, 2007, p.67).\r\n'

'Wal-Mart’s Unfair Labor Practices in “Down and Out in Discount America\r'

'In â€Å"Down and Out in brush off the States,” writer Liza Featherstone (2004) exposes the dirty maneuver and unfair business practices that fuel Wal-Mart’s supremacy as a giant retail union, and suggests effective strategies to defeat incorporate crime. According to Featherstone, Wal-Mart is one go with that liter ally wage and grows from the presence and worsening of destitution situations, as shown by the results of a study conducted by economist Andrew Franklin which revealed that â€Å"Wal-Mart operated primarily in scurvy and trade union movement communities.”Most of the retail friendship’s customers ar â€Å" over force-outingly female, and struggling to make ends meet. ” Featherstone argues that Wal-Mart ensures that its market in the low income segment continually expands by â€Å"creating much bad jobs worldwide. ” She also points out that Wal-Mart routinely employs extrajudicial and unethical business practices to maintain its competitive bank over other companies, including violating wage and roil laws that despoil workers of their living wage and health benefits.More importantly, this set-up â€Å"contri bute to an frugality in which, increasingly, workers can only afford to ca-ca at Wal-Mart. ” The biggest brunt falls on Wal-Mart’s overwhelmingly female workers. As a result, the company has been the fount of â€Å"the largest civil rights class-action suit in history” which â€Å"charges the company with systematically discriminating against women in pay and promotions.” The company has also been cleverly using public gold to subsidize its low wages by further its workers to apply for welfare assistance. Despite the company’s glaring offenses, however, suffering women continue to patronize Wal-Mart beca pulmonary tuberculosis it is all they can afford. Featherstone thitherfore contends that the success of a cooperative action against the giant c ompany lies in the tycoon of stakeholders such as labor unions to go beyond the consumer mentality, constructed by big business, in creating avenues of resistance.The author notes that â€Å"to effectively battle corporate miserables uniform Wal-Mart, the public must(prenominal) be engaged as citizens, not moreover as shoppers,” in order to form a movement with enough genial and political power to challenge Wal-Mart and to advance the reside of the poor and the operative class. Arguably, Featherstone’s article is one of the most convert and informative pieces there is that provides a balanced and level-headed interchange of an issue that is as inflammatory as â€Å"the â€Å"Wal-Martization” of American jobs.”â€Å"Down and Out in subtraction America” is clearly intended for a wide spectrum of interview. Featherstone assumes that her readers kip down Wal-mart but they do not know to the highest degree its unfair practices and illegal a ctivities. Through the clever use of rhetoric and data, the author delivers an es translate that is both(prenominal) knifelike and engaging. Featherstone uses both academic data and well-placed personal narratives of the workers of Wal-Mart to contour her case.In the process, she does not need to explicitly state that Wal-mart wage from injustice and deepening income divide, this is already substantiated by the real-life cases and backbreaking statistics that speak about the way the company â€Å"profits not only on womens drudgery but also on their joy, creativity and genuine dispense for the customer” and conditions its consumers to be heavily dependent on the â€Å"relief” brought by Wal-Mart discounted prices. It is interesting to note that Featherstone incorporates inauspicious ideas into her pieceâ€such as the welcoming location towards Wal-Mart held by poor womenâ€to illuminate and strengthen her stance.Thus, Featherstone avoids victorious the â⠂¬Å"boycott” stance that would have been too simple an answer to as big a difficulty as Wal-Mart. â€Å"Down and Out in Discount America” also does not have the demoralise tone that most articles dealing with serious hearty issues are often infected with; this is not to say that the article does not evoke an emotional rejoinder from the reader but that it presents an image of women workers, who, despite their discouragement and sad circumstance, manage to lend their anecdotes to show the multi-dimensionality of the Wal-Mart experience. 1 therefore finds it hard not to take Featherstone’s side against Wal-mart.The writer undoubtedly presents a reasoning(a) case that explores the Wal-Mart’s labor issues in both a personal and social angle, and attempts to convince the audience on the logic and soundness of why the poor should stop shopping at Wal-Mart (which Featherstone has already conceded is an proceeding in futility) but on why there should be m ore stringent policies to safeguard the poor from unfair labor practices and why there should be adequate legal measures to punish corporate criminal activities that prey upon the desperation of the poor and the working class.Featherstone is also right in pointing out the need for a political and social movement that would leverage the interest of the poor and the working class above corporate interests. This movement must be a compelling enough presence to generate political hale on the government and on big businesses to touch their social obligations.Clearly, â€Å"Down and Out in Discount America” is a searing portrayal of what happens when citizens literally correct their souls out for a â€Å"bargain” with big businesses, which has transform them into mere consumers whose participation in political and social decision-making is limited to individualistic shopping and purchase decisions. Fortunately, writers like Featherstone are there to remind consumers that they are, first and foremost, citizens and workers with stake not only in payday discount gross revenue but in the future and direction of labor and living conditions in the community and the country.\r\n'

'Four Types of Organisational Structure Essay\r'

'Organising is therefore the method by which an arranging is melodyally controlled into characters or operational units and the body construction of the unbendable is established. The end yield of counseling march is transcriptional organize. plaqueal bodily organise binds the all level of management privates unneurotic and brings them into right-hand(a) fetchment and co-ordination of organisation. It is tasks arrangement which is break up into a few divisions or departments and chemical group it together chthonian the management pecking order to achieve the organisation objectives.\r\n chthonic the organisation structure, whizz single path forget create to attach the tasks, work flow and conference channels in the midst of the personals and the various divisional bulks of organisation. transcription structures smooth the progress of efficient management, come up toion and control. all administration has to set up its own organisation structure for well (p)-organized perform of agate line deedions. An organisation structure usually represent in graphical form which is called an organisation chart.\r\nUsually, the chart illustrated in the form of vertical, flat or concentric to define the trust and responsibilities of personals in various levels. The chart always created according to the lively departmentalisation of organisation. In departmentalisation, separately personal from different lineage segments allow work to achieve an aim of pre-determined organisational objectives. The departmentalisation is establish on five structures, which is functions, proceedss, consumers, geographic and matrix.\r\nIn these papers, we forget go through the justification of four structure which is function, crop, geographical and matrix with sample organisational chart on from from distributively one one structure. Sample Organisation chart of available Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Functional organisation structure is the approximately common and logical suit of stock unit that adhere by companies. In this structure, people are group together ground on common skills and work activities. It tensenesses on single military service and doesn’t need frequent changes in organisational hierarchy.\r\n meanspirited on above organisational chart, we provoke notify that the sum up organisation system is coordinating by book binding management. For a proficient management function, the organisation breaks up into a few departments much(prenominal) as marketing, engineering, technology, operational and etc. all(prenominal) departments pass by a senior theatre director or vice chairperson who are fibing to a single authority, meridian management. As the simplest approach, a useable structure do apart well-defined channels of communication and influence relationship.\r\n distributively department’s staff needs to tell to their only usable unit’s manager and by doing this, t he various business unit’s prevent any kind of mis commiserateing or conflicts among them. The chart hierarchy is simplified, well-organised and the separation of tasks to a fault well defined with work by layer. The fewer layer of management will ease the mentality of filch management and in any case improve the task co-ordination. end making process is swift and authorities in working(a) structure.\r\nBecause of the staffs in functional structure come from interchangeable background and perspectives, so it wills faster the process of the termination-making with stunned waste of time. Since the every business units in structure workout in similar background, it top executive meet the processing of the papers together and highly up(p) the noesis sharing between co-workers. Sharing familiarity stigma the organisation more productive and private-enterprise(a) where the experience personals such as managers often instruct and mentoring the less experience persona ls of each units through seminar or industrial planthop.\r\nFunctional structures produce clear career hierarchy organisation members to go after. Managers in spite of appearance a functional structure are generally skilled at bottom their particular unit. They were hiring to get hold of the units due to their tremendous carrying out. These managers keep back a better-quality skill level that facilitate perform their profession easier and makes them better capable of to monitor the respective(prenominal) act of their team members to allocate credit, rewards and penalty accordingly. A functional structure may draw some setbacks to organisation. It controls people and assets and build up core competences.\r\nAs a company develop and becomes more difficult, each function tries to retain the company’s situation. change magnitude order may strain manufacturing to manufacture products vigorous enough or in sufficient energy may lead to control problems. When control pro blems arise, it also strains the situation in evaluating the cost and contribution of each function. Other drawback is communication problem. Poor communication occurs within the organisation due to subunit orientation. The top management find it hard when balancing the process of purpose making between centralise function and regional managers.\r\nThe top managers powerfulness disrupted by answer a daily problems and may loss focus on long term strategic issues, resulting in long term strategic direction. Sample Organisation Chart of geographical Structure. Source: SIA Cargo Pte Ltd Geographical organisation structure is usually used by big firms whose operations are spread out over a large geographical compass, for instance, multinational companies which market their service world immense. Hotel, retail, food and transportation are among the industries which is widely using the geographical structure in their management.\r\nThe whole organisation will lead by a president an d one person will be responsible for an each particular region. tally to above SIA Cargo chart, business units were set up at six different geographic locations and each regional branch head by regional Vice President. The branch Vice Presidents will report to Senior Vice President. The working out of business units bottomland be local anesthetic anaesthetic, national or international. In geographical structure, the organisation stick on company strategies and set although operates psychely. It operates as its own unit found on where it located.\r\nIn this structure, each effect from various departments put up prospect to work together. Working as a group will form a whole teamwork effort and keep them in the process of formulation and finding making. Beside this, everyone in the departments will have an skill to recognize the personalities and values of each individual. Close kit and caboodle proximity lead to decentralise the process of decision-making and make org anisation to settle in rapid changes in divisional goals. In each region, a local or personnel who familiar with local business environment and tillage will be hire to head the business units.\r\nIt ensures that the company well understand the customer expectation and needs. Base on local experience, the departments heads able to create a high coordination and potent process of decision making across the functional units. The regional heads ensures the company strategies adaptable to local culture and suit to fast change in seismal environment. In divisional structure, usually the departments act as a group. It allows the responsible personnel to put on better focus in their resources and results. It also makes the performance easier to monitor the customer service quality.\r\nA personal that understand and speak the local language, will requite the customer expectation because the contact points are distinctly explain. Customer service personnel will also have better access to personnel from different units, which hindquarters allocate them to handle the customer matters a good deal more efficiently. With geographical structure, following the routine of individual markets and task groups is cut down, as metrics such as revenues, profit margins, costs, and routine enhancement can be attached to particular regions. It is a most important strategic advantage of this structure.\r\nMany problems might incur for the companies whom use geographical based structure. somewhat companies may find it complicated to run a geographic organizational structure because it duplication of works and disagreement to centralized decision-making. The top management must rely on other regional heads to mint counteractive actions and look up operations kinda than giving a command from the company’s main office or headquarters. It may lead the company top management loss the authority in controlling the divisional units. Another terminus ad quem is expansion of k nowledge.\r\nUsually, the structure does not maintain the knowledge sharing between people work in the same line of work because part of them is working in one division and the others are working in other divisions. Sample Organisation Chart of Product Structure. Source: Arla sustenances Ingredients Above chart is an Arla sustenance Ingredients organisation chart. The chart is a product based organisation structure. Product-based structure means the regrouping of a functional structure and uses to organise employees and work on the rear end of different type of products.\r\nThis type structure brings together all those involved in the production skills, skilful skills and marketing skills of a particular product or set of related products. Each division in structure has its own internal departments and function as self business unit. Companies that manufacture a wide variety of products such as cars and foods would find this type of structure appropriate to their organisation. Many companies tend to rift to product based structure as they expand, and as unsanded products range are developed and new markets entered.\r\nProduct based companies have no direct contact with their customers. Initially, they need to assess the market segments and develop the product from their assessment. Follow that, they must determine the scathe of products in line with the customer’s expectation and produce the products to sell in the market. Product based structure is also have a similar function as geographical structure. In Arla Food Ingredients, both product structure and geographical structure group together in the organisation. It will bestow much better clear focus on market segments and help to meets the customer’s expectation.\r\nEach division of products will be operates base on individual performance. It keeps up the positive competition between the divisions and allows the directors or managers to have better be in command of each division can a ct as separate profit centre. In this structure, division members are more likely to be tenacious on products. It deals with the technological transform by grouping personnel with skill and their specialised equipment in one business unit. So, the division heads have a lap of control over operations and will not necessary to depend on another, separate area to get things done.\r\nThe department managers will keep an heart on design and manufacturing activities, and employees become reliable to product not to function. It also allows the managers and employees to improve and expand their skills and knowledge in the organisation. The customisation of more products into division will lead to save time and cost. Decentralisation of process of decision making will facilitate rapid decision making results with effectively. It will reduce the risk of product failure and also bring on betterment in employee morale due to divisional decision making.\r\nInstead of better operational contro ls, the organisation can avoid the poor communication within the personnel’s which is bring to slow development of products. By the way, there is some limitation might choke when use the product base structure. An example, each product division has R;D department. When product expansion incur, number of personnel in R;D will increase. This increment will happen to each product divisions. So, it will lead to duplication of works and increase the costs of staffs. Since the divisions separately monitor, the difficulty might happen to top management to coordinating them together.\r\n'

'Classical Management Theorists Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol\r'

' counselling advancementes Andrew Vasylenko Scientific advisor †Senior instructor Hvan A. V. Poltava University of Economics and Trade Management in solely business aras and organizational activities are the acts of getting community together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a separate of ace or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and function of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.Beca use up organizations dismiss be viewed as systems, forethought earth-closet overly be defined as human action, including design, to assuage the production of useful outcomes from a system. in that respect are 6 care apostrophizees, such as: The untainted approach The human resource approach The duodecimal ap proach The process approach The contingency approach The system approach 1. Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol were both theorists of the classical focusing movement. The classical approach was the framework to what care is each(prenominal) about. Therefore it can be said that they fit(p) the foundation for many an(prenominal) theorists.Frederick Taylor was an important theorist of the primeval 20th century and he made many important contributions to management. He proposed the principles of scientific management which he believed would improve industrial efficiency. He believed management could be formulated as a discipline. Taylor’s principles of scientific management focused on cooperation amidst management and the workers as well as improving the skillful skills of the workers. His approach is often referred to scientific management, Taylorism or Taylor’s principles. Fayol’s uggested that there were five main roles of managers, these being planning, o rganising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. 2. The Human visions Management function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you deem and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fulfill these needs, recruiting and training the erupt employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to variant regulations.Activities also include managing your approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. 3. quantitative Management (also known as Operations Research) purposes a systematic and scientific approach to problem result and conclusion fashioning in complex environments and situations of doubt and conflict. The discipline is characterised by a search for an best (best) answer for a problem by development quantitative (numerical) models. The use of mathematical models enables a decision obtainr to bett er understand the problems facing him/her and provides a tool for making informed and reasoned judgements.It can be applied in many areas: manufacturing, businesses management, banking, environmental planning, mining, housing and engineering projects, management consultancy †in fact, in every situation where numerical data are available and management or decision making takes place. 4. The process approach is a management strategy. When managers use a process approach, it means that they manage the processes that make up their organization, the interaction between these processes, and the inputs and outputs that glue these processes together. There are 12 typrs of processes: 1.Quality Management carry through 2. Resource Management care for 3. Training and Awareness work out 4. Product Purchasing Process 5. Design and victimization Process 6. Production Management Process 7. profit Provision Process 8. Product Management Process 9. Customer Rela tionship Management Process 10. inwrought Quality Management Audit Process 11. observe and Measuring Process 12. Management Review Process 5. The contingency approach believes that it is impossible to select one way of managing that works best in either situations like promoted by Taylor.Their approach is to identify the conditions of a task (scientific management school), managerial job (administrative management school) and person (human relations school) as parts of a complete management situation and attempt to comprise them all into a dissolvent which is most distract for a specific circumstance. Contingency refers to the immediate (contingent or touching) circumstances. The manager has to systematically try to identify which proficiency or approach will be the best solution for a problem which exists in a particular circumstance or context.An example of this is the neer ending problem of increasing productivity. The different experts would offer the following solutions: Behavioral scientist: create a mode which is psychologically motivating; Classical management approach: create a new incentive scheme; Contingency approach: both ideas are practicable and it depends on the possible fit of each solution with the goals, structure and resources of the organization. 6. Applying the principle of system approach to management typically leads to: †Structuring a system to achieve the organizations objectives in the most effective and efficient way. Understanding the interdependencies between the processes of the system. †Structured approaches that harmonize and integrate processes. †Providing a better understanding of the roles and responsibilities necessary for achieving common objectives and thereby lessen cross-functional barriers. †Understanding organizational capabilities and establishing resource constraints prior to action. †Targeting and delineate how specific activities within a system should operate. †continuall y improving the system through measurement and evaluation.\r\n'

'Self-recommendation Essay\r'

'I am convinced to say that my alternative school life is not in vain because I have acquired both academic companionship from lessons and practical experience from various extracurricular activities.\r\n being a attracter in the Scout, I recognize that placement, time dish outment and communication are of paramount importance in leadership. Being a senior(a) patrol leader, I engaged in intend meetings for the scout members. In addition to briefing and communicating with the whole troop of scouts, I had to cooperate healthy with teachers in guild to convey the messages clearly from teachers to all in all the scout members as well as consolidating the tincture of scouts. To become a more capable leader in a team, I would like to pose progress in my leadership skill, especially the organization and management skills, and to capitalize on different aspects. Therefore, I determine to have further claim on management, contributing myself to foster people to organize and m anage their business.\r\nApart from leadership, I feel satisfied as long as helping someone who is in need. Through studying in science capables, I found that nowadays advanced technology is accomplished by the forerunners who devoted themselves to this industry, such as Steve Jobs. Definitely, the phylogeny in science and technology has brought convenience to our life. Although I am not going to become an inventor, I am willing to have further study on science technology in order to sort out up people’s life. Thus, I am enthusiastic in studying subject related to science and technology to equip myself to help people.\r\nAll in all, I have recognize myself in the past few years. To show the gratitude to my teachers and friends, I would endeavor to show my best positive light on different fields. I look preliminary to my new journey in the future.\r\n'

'War of 1812 Movie Notes\r'

'Why was this insulting to the States? When was it rescinded? Orders of Council were British laws requiring any ships wishing to trade with Europe to stop in a British port first. America had been a free democratic- republic nation and resorting to pay revenue enhancement to Britain for international trade with Europe was outrageous. The Orders of Council were rescinded in 1812 ii days before the U. S. declared contend. 7. Why did America want to invade Canada?Democratic-republicans wanted Canada to expand the agricultural republic. 8. What role did Native Americans have in this compass point? What was the belief among Indians regarding their role in America? Americans wanted expansion into territories controlled by Native Americans. The Whites distribute drop to Native Americans to have them fight each another(prenominal) but Native Americans have never resorted to much(prenominal) tactics. 9. How many people move westmostward in this time period and why would they move west? Over four hundred Native Americans moved westward in order to settle after(prenominal) he Louisiana Purchase. 10. Who was Tecumseh and Takatawana?Why were they important? Tecumseh and Takatawana obdurate that the time to act was now and gathered followers, urgency them to give up textile clothing for handed-down buckskin garments, arguing for the Indians to not acknowledge the Whitemans â€Å"ownership” of dry land, and rede that no Indian should cede control of land to whites. 11. How did the U. S. respond to the Indian threat? How did they believe the British were involved with the Indians? Americans responded to this threat with raging violence. They elieved the British to be supplying weapons to the Indians and influencing Tecumseh. 12.Who was William Henry Harrison and what happened at the Battle of advanced upon Tecumsehs headquarters at Tippecanoe, killed the Prophet, and burned the camp to the ground. His notable slaughter earned him vast fame and made h im chairperson in 1840. 13. How does the vote to go to war sidle up sectional differences? How close was the vote to go to war? Why do you believe this occurred? New England, which was lock away making lots of money, damned the war for a free sea, and Federalists opposed the war because they were more prone toward Britain nyway and Canada was conquered, it would add more agrarian land and append Republican supporters.\r\n'